Review article
Cities and Mental Health
Dtsch Arztebl Int 2017; 114: 121-7. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2017.0121
; ; ; ; ;
| 1. | Adli M, Berger M, Brakemeier EL, et al.: Neurourbanism—a joint methodological approach between urban planning and neurosciences. Die Psychiatrie 2016; 13: 70–8. |
| 2. | United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division: World urbanization prospects. The 2014 revision. New York: United Nations 2015; 1 p. |
| 3. | Stokols D: Establishing and maintaining healthy environments: toward a social ecology of health promotion. Am Psychol 1992; 47: 6–22 CrossRef |
| 4. | Galea S, Freudenberg N, Vlahov D: Cities and population health. Soc Sci Med 2005; 60: 1017–33 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| 5. | Gruebner O, Staffeld R, Khan M, Burkart K, Krämer A, Hostert P: Urban health in megacities: extending the framework for developing countries. Bonn: International Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP). Bonn; 2011 MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| 6. | Peen J, Schoevers RA, Beekman AT, Dekker J: The current status of urban-rural differences in psychiatric disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010; 121: 84–93 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| 7. | Prina AM, Ferri CP, Guerra M, Brayne C, Prince M: Prevalence of anxiety and its correlates among older adults in Latin America, India and China: cross-cultural study. Br J Psychiatry 2011; 199: 485–91 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| 8. | Phillips MR, Zhang J, Shi Q, et al.: Prevalence, treatment, and associated disability of mental disorders in four provinces in China during 2001-05: an epidemiological survey. Lancet 2009; 373: 2041–53 CrossRef |
| 9. | Silove D, Ivancic L, Rees S, Bateman-Steel C, Steel Z: Clustering of symptoms of mental disorder in the medium-term following conflict: an epidemiological study in Timor-Leste. Psychiatry Research 2014; 219: 341–6 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| 10. | Sharifi V, Amin-Esmaeili M, Hajebi A, et al.: Twelve-month prevalence and correlates of psychiatric disorders in Iran: the Iranian Mental Health Survey 2011. Arch Iran Med 2015; 18: 76–84 MEDLINE |
| 11. | Long J, Huang G, Liang W, et al.: The prevalence of schizophrenia in mainland China: evidence from epidemiological surveys. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2014; 130: 244–56 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| 12. | Jacobi F, Höfler M, Siegert J, et al.: Twelve-month prevalence, comorbidity and correlates of mental disorders in Germany: the Mental Health Module of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1-MH). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2014; 23: 304–19 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| 13. | Frick U, Frick H, Langguth B, Landgrebe M, Hubner-Liebermann B, Hajak G: The revolving door phenomenon revisited: time to readmission in 17“145 [corrected] patients with 37”697 hospitalisations at a German psychiatric hospital. PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e75612 CrossRef CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| 14. | Pedersen CB, Mortensen PB: Evidence of a dose-response relationship between urbanicity during upbringing and schizophrenia risk. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58: 1039–46 CrossRef |
| 15. | Vassos E, Pedersen CB, Murray RM, Collier DA, Lewis CM: Meta-analysis of the association of urbanicity with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2012; 38: 1118–23 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| 16. | van Os J, Kenis G, Rutten BPF: The environment and schizophrenia. Nature 2010; 468: 203–12 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| 17. | March D, Hatch SL, Morgan C, et al.: Psychosis and place. Epidemiol Rev 2008; 30: 84–100 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| 18. | Haddad L, Schäfer A, Streit F, et al.: Brain structure correlates of urban upbringing, an environmental risk factor for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41: 115–22 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| 19. | Heinz A, Deserno L, Reininghaus U: Urbanicity, social adversity and psychosis. World Psychiatry 2013; 12: 187–97 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| 20. | Lederbogen F, Kirsch P, Haddad L, et al.: City living and urban upbringing affect neural social stress processing in humans. Nature 2011; 474: 498–501 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| 21. | Abbott A: City living marks the brain. Nature 2011; 474: 429 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| 22. | Galea S, Uddin M, Koenen K: The urban environment and mental disorders: Epigenetic links. Epigenetics 2011; 6: 400–4 CrossRef PubMed Central |
| 23. | Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB, Westergaard T, et al.: Effects of family history and place and season of birth on the risk of schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 603–8 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| 24. | Li N, Pang L, Chen G, Song X, Zhang J, Zheng X: Risk factors for depression in older adults in Beijing. Can J Psychiatry 2011; 56: 466–73 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| 25. | Fisher J, Tran T, La BT, Kriitmaa K, Rosenthal D, Tran T: Common perinatal mental disorders in northern Viet Nam: community prevalence and health care use. Bull World Health Organ 2010; 88: 737–45 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| 26. | Achab S, Nicolier M, Mauny F, et al.: Massively multiplayer online role-playing games: comparing characteristics of addict vs non-addict online recruited gamers in a French adult population. BMC Psychiatry 2011; 11: 144 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| 27. | Rapp MA, Kluge U, Penka S, et al.: When local poverty is more important than your income: Mental health in minorities in inner cities. World Psychiatry 2015; 14: 249–50 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| 28. | Honold J, Wippert PM, van der Meer E: Urban health resources: physical and social constitutes of neighborhood social capital. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 2014; 131: 491–6 CrossRef |
| 29. | Meyer OL, Castro-Schilo L, Aguilar-Gaxiola S: Determinants of mental health and self-rated health: a model of socioeconomic status, neighborhood safety, and physical activity. Am J Public Health 2014; 104: 1734–41 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| 30. | Fone D, White J, Farewell D, et al: Effect of neighbourhood deprivation and social cohesion on mental health inequality: a multilevel population-based longitudinal study. Psychol Med 2014; 44: 2449–60 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| 31. | World Health Organization, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation: Social determinants of mental health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014. |
| 32. | Maimon D, Browning CR, Brooks-Gunn J: Collective efficacy, family attachment, and urban adolescent suicide attempts. J Health Soc Behav 2010; 51: 307–24 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| 33. | Galea S, Ahern J, Nandi A, Tracy M, Beard J, Vlahov D: Urban neighborhood poverty and the incidence of depression in a population-based cohort study. Ann Epidemiol 2007; 17: 171–9 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| 34. | Veling W, Susser E, van Os J, Mackenbach JP, Selten JP, Hoek HW: Ethnic density of neighborhoods and incidence of psychotic disorders among immigrants. Am J Psychiatry 2008; 165: 66–73 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| 35. | Beard JR, Cerdá M, Blaney S, Ahern J, Vlahov D, Galea S: Neighborhood characteristics and change in depressive symptoms among older residents of New York City. Am J Public Health 2009; 99: 1308–14 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| 36. | Mair C, Diez Roux AV, Galea S: Are neighbourhood characteristics associated with depressive symptoms? A review of evidence. J Epidemiol Community Health 2008; 62: 940–6 MEDLINE |
| 37. | Faris REL, Dunham HW: Mental disorders in urban areas: an ecological study of schizophrenia and other psychoses. Univ Chicago Press; 1939. |
| 38. | Binbay T, Drukker M, Alptekin K, et al.: Evidence that the wider social environment moderates the association between familial liability and psychosis spectrum outcome. Psychol Med 2012; 42: 2499–510 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| 39. | Subbaraman R, Nolan L, Shitole T, et al.: The psychological toll of slum living in Mumbai, India: a mixed methods study. Soc Sci Med 2014; 119: 155–69 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| 40. | Stockdale SE, Wells KB, Tang L, Belin TR, Zhang L, Sherbourne CD: The importance of social context: Neighborhood stressors, stress-buffering mechanisms, and alcohol, drug, and mental health disorders. Soc Sci Med 2007; 65: 1867–81 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| e1. | Sampson RJ, Morenoff JD, Gannon-Rowley T: Assessing “neighborhood effects”: social processes and new directions in Research on JSTOR. Annu Rev Sociol 2002; 28: 443–78 CrossRef |
| e2. | Sampson RJ, Raudenbush SW, Earls F: Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science 1997; 277: 918–24 CrossRef |
| e3. | Aneshensel CS, Sucoff CA: The neighborhood context of adolescent mental health. J Health Soc Behav 1996; 37: 293 CrossRef |
| e4. | Breslau N, Wilcox HC, Storr CL, Lucia VC, Anthony JC: Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder: a study of youths in urban America. J Urban Health 2004; 81: 530–44 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| e5. | Norman P, Boyle P, Rees P: Selective migration, health and deprivation: a longitudinal analysis. Soc Sci Med 2005; 60: 2755–71 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| e6. | Ullmann SH, Goldman N, Massey DS: Healthier before they migrate, less healthy when they return? The health of returned migrants in Mexico. Soc Sci Med 2011; 73: 421–8 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| e7. | Tunstall H, Shortt NK, Pearce JR, Mitchell RJ: Difficult life events, selective migration and spatial inequalities in mental health in the UK. PLoS ONE 2015; 10: e0126567 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| e8. | Arcaya MC, Subramanian SV, Rhodes JE, Waters MC: Role of health in predicting moves to poor neighborhoods among Hurricane Katrina survivors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA [Internet] 2014; 111: 16246–53 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| e9. | Sariaslan A, Fazel S, D‘Onofrio BM, et al.: Schizophrenia and subsequent neighborhood deprivation: revisiting the social drift hypothesis using population, twin and molecular genetic data. Transl Psychiat 2016; 6: e796. |
| e10. | Cantor-Graae E, Selten JP: Schizophrenia and migration: a meta-analysis and review. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 12–24 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| e11. | Heinz A: Dopaminergic dysfunction in alcoholism and schizophrenia—psychopathological and behavioral correlates. Eur Psychiat 2002; 17: 9–16 CrossRef |
| e12. | Ahern J, Galea S: Collective efficacy and major depression in urban neighborhoods. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 173: 1453–62 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| e13. | Bertotti M, Watts P, Netuveli G, et al.: Types of social capital and mental disorder in deprived urban areas: a multilevel study of 40 disadvantaged London neighbourhoods. PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e80127. |
| e14. | French D: Residential segregation and health in Northern Ireland. Health & Place 2009; 15: 873–81 MEDLINE |
| e15. | Aichberger MC, Schouler-Ocak M, Mundt A, et al.: Depression in middle-aged and older first generation migrants in Europe: results from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Eur Psychiatry 2010; 25: 468–75 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| e16. | Potochnick SR, Perreira KM: Depression and anxiety among first-generation immigrant Latino youth: key correlates and implications for future research. J Nerv Ment Dis 2010; 198: 470–7 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| e17. | Morgan C, Charalambides M, Hutchinson G, Murray RM: Migration, ethnicity, and psychosis: toward a sociodevelopmental model. Schizophr Bull 2010; 36: 655–64 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| e18. | Bresnahan M, Begg MD, Brown A, et al.: Race and risk of schizophrenia in a US birth cohort: another example of health disparity? Int J Epidemiol 2007; 36: 751–8 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| e19. | Heinz AJ, Beck A, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Sterzer P, Heinz A: Cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms of alcohol-related aggression. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; 12: 400–13 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| e20. | Rocha K, Pérez K, Rodríguez-Sanz M, Obiols JE, Borrell C: Perception of environmental problems and common mental disorders (CMD). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2012; 47: 1675–84 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| e21. | Honold J, Beyer R, Lakes T, van der Meer E: Multiple environmental burdens and neighborhood-related health of city residents. J Environ Psychol 2012; 32: 305–17 CrossRef |
| e22. | Asgarzadeh M, Lusk A, Koga T, Hirate K: Measuring oppressiveness of streetscapes. Landsc Urban Plan 2012; 107: 1–11 CrossRef |
| e23. | Asgarzadeh M, Koga T, Yoshizawa N, Munakata J, Hirate K: Investigating green urbanism. Building Oppressiveness 2010; 9: 555–62. |
| e24. | Guite HF, Clark C, Ackrill G: The impact of the physical and urban environment on mental well-being. Public Health 2006; 120: 1117–26 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| e25. | Sampson RJ, Raudenbush SW: Seeing disorder: Neighborhood stigma and the social construction of “broken windows.” Soc Psychol Q 2004; 67: 319–42 CrossRef |
| e26. | Seidler A, Wagner M, Schubert M, et al.: Myocardial infarction risk due to aircraft, road, and rail traffic noise: results of a case-control study based on secondary data. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2016; 113: 407–14 VOLLTEXT |
| e27. | Correia AW, Peters JL, Levy JI, Melly S, Dominici F: Residential exposure to aircraft noise and hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases: multi-airport retrospective study. BMJ 2013; 347: f5561–1. |
| e28. | Dzhambov A, Dimitrova D: Neighborhood noise pollution as a determinant of displaced aggression: a pilot study. Noise Health 2014; 16: 95–101 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| e29. | Hammersen F, Niemann H, Hoebel J: Environmental noise annoyance and mental health in adults: findings from the Cross-Sectional German Health Update (GEDA) Study 2012. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016; 13: 954. |
| e30. | Cho Y, Ryu SH, Lee BR, Kim KH, Lee E, Choi J: Effects of artificial light at night on human health: A literature review of observational and experimental studies applied to exposure assessment. Chronobiol Int 2015; 32: 1294–310 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| e31. | Gascon M, Triguero-Mas M, Martínez D, et al.: Mental health benefits of long-term exposure to residential green and blue spaces: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015; 12: 4354–79 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| e32. | Lee ACK, Maheswaran R: The health benefits of urban green spaces: a review of the evidence. J Public Health 2011; 33: 212–22 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| e33. | James P, Banay RF, Hart JE, Laden F: A review of the health benefits of greenness. Curr Epidemiol Rep 2015; 2: 131–42 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| e34. | Cohen-Cline H, Turkheimer E, Duncan GE: Access to green space, physical activity and mental health: a twin study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 69: 523–9 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| e35. | Allen J, Balfour R, Bell R, Marmot M: Social determinants of mental health. Int Rev Psychiatry 2014; 26: 392–407 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| e36. | Völker S, Kistemann T: “I‘m always entirely happy when I’m here!” Urban blue enhancing human health and well-being in Cologne and Düsseldorf, Germany. Soc Sci Med 2013; 78: 113–24 MEDLINE MEDLINE |
| e37. | van Dillen SME, de Vries S, Groenewegen PP, Spreeuwenberg P: Greenspace in urban neighbourhoods and residents‘ health: adding quality to quantity. J Epidemiol Community Health 2012; 66: e8. |
| e38. | Morrison DS, Thomson H, Petticrew M: Evaluation of the health effects of a neighbourhood traffic calming scheme. J Epidemiol Community Health 2004; 58: 837–40 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| e39. | Roswall N, Høgh V, Envold-Bidstrup P, et al.: Residential exposure to traffic noise and health-related quality of life-a population- based study. PLoS ONE 2015; 10: e0120199. |
| e40. | Woodward BM, Zadoroznyj M, Benoit C: Beyond birth: Women‘s concerns about post-birth care in an Australian urban community. Women Birth 2016; 29: 153–9 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| e41. | Krabbendam L, van Os J: Schizophrenia and urbanicity: a major environmental influence—conditional on genetic risk. Schizophr Bull [Internet] 2005; 31: 795–9 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| e42. | Thomas F: The role of natural environments within women‘s everyday health and wellbeing in Copenhagen, Denmark. Health Place 2015; 35: 187–95 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| e43. | Völker S, Kistemann T: Developing the urban blue: Comparative health responses to blue and green urban open spaces in Germany. Health Place 2015; 35: 196–205 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| e44. | Kovats RS, Hajat S: Heat stress and public health: a critical review. Annu Rev Public Health 2008; 29: 41–55 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| e45. | Melis G, Gelormino E, Marra G, Ferracin E, Costa G: The effects of the urban built environment on mental health: a cohort study in a large northern Italian city. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015; 12: 14898–915.CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| e46. | Peen J, Dekker J, Schoevers RA, Have ten M, de Graaf R, Beekman AT: Is the prevalence of psychiatric disorders associated with urbanization? Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2007; 42: 984–9 CrossRef MEDLINE |
| e47. | Probst JC, Laditka SB, Moore CG, Harun N, Powell MP, Baxley EG: Rural-urban differences in depression prevalence: implications for family medicine. Fam Med 2006; 38: 653–60 MEDLINE |
| e48. | Lewis G, David A, Andréassson S, Allebeck P: Schizophrenia and city life. Lancet 1992; 340: 137–40 CrossRef |
| e49. | Harpham T: Urbanization and mental health in developing countries: A research role for social scientists, public health professionals and social psychiatrists. Soc Sci Med 1994; 39: 233–45 CrossRef |
| e50. | Wolch JR, Byrne J, Newell JP: Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities “just green enough.” Landsc Urban Plan 2014; 125: 234–4 CrossRef |
| e51. | Henkel D: Unemployment and substance use: a review of the literature (1990–2010). Curr Drug Abuse Rev 2011; 4: 4–27 CrossRef |
| e52. | Cohen A, Eaton J, Radtke B, et al.: Three models of community mental health services In low-income countries. Int J Ment Health Syst 2011; 5: 3 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central |
| e53. | Saxena S, Thornicroft G, Knapp M, Whiteford H: Resources for mental health: scarcity, inequity, and inefficiency. Lancet 2007; 370: 878–89 CrossRef |
