DÄ internationalArchiveReferences
References

Review article

Liquid Ecstasy – A Significant Drug Problem

Dtsch Arztebl Int 2008; 105(36): 599-603. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2008.0599

Andresen, H; Stimpfl, T; Sprys, N; Schnitgerhans, T; Müller, A

1. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction: EMCDDA Thematic Papers – GHB and its precursor GBL: an emerging trend case study. 2008 (http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index7079EN.html)
2. Reeves J, Duda R: GHB/GBL intoxication and withdrawal: a review and case presentation. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment 2003; 2: 25–8.
3. Couper FJ, Logan BK: Determination of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in biological specimens by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2000; 24: 1–7. MEDLINE
4. Templeton A, Vonesch H-J: Intoxikation mit GHB („liquid ecstasy“). Schweiz Med Forum 2005; 5: 115–6.
5. Nightingale S: From the Food and Drug Administration (warning about GHB). J Am Med Assoc 1991; 265: 1802. MEDLINE
6. ElSohly MA, Salamone, SJ: Prevalence of drug used in cases of alleged sexual assault. J Anal Toxicol 1999; 23: 141–6. MEDLINE
7. Brenneisen R, ElSohly MA, Murphy TP, Passarelli J, Russmann S, Sala-mone SJ, Watson DE: Pharmacokinetics and excretion of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in healthy subjects. J Anal Toxicol 2004; 28: 625–30. MEDLINE
8. Mazarr-Proo S, Kerrigan S: Distribution of GHB in tissues and fluids following a fatal overdose. J Anal Toxicol 2005; 29: 398–400. MEDLINE
9. Fachinformation. Somsanit(R) Injektionslösung. Köhler Chemie GmbH Mai 2007.
10. Fuller D, Hornfeldt, C: From club drug to orphan drug: sodium oxybate (Xyrem) for the treatment of cataplexy. Pharmacotherapy 2003; 23: 1205–9. MEDLINE
11. Fachinformation. Xyrem(R) 500mg/ml Lösung zum Einnehmen. UCB Pharma Ltd Dez 2005.
12. Bernasconi R, Mathivet P, Bischoff S, Marescaux C: Gammahydroxybutyric acid: an endogenous neuromodulator with abuse potential? TiPS 1999; 20: 135–41. MEDLINE
13. Stein M: Stellungnahme zur nicht geringen Menge von Gamma-Hydroxybuttersäure. Toxichem und Krimtech 2003; 70: 87–92.
14. Drasbek K, Jensen JC: K. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate – a drug of abuse. Acta Neurol Scand 2006; 114: 145–56. MEDLINE
15. Maitre M: The gamma-hydroxybutyrate signalling system In Brain: Organization and functional implications. Progr Neurobiol 1997; 51: 337–61. MEDLINE
16. Palatini P, Tedeschi L, Frison G: Dose-dependent absorption and elimination of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in healthy volunteers. European J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 45: 353–6. MEDLINE
17. Marinetti LJ, Isenschmid DS, Hepler BR, Kanluen S: Analysis of GHB and 4-methyl-GHB in postmortem matrices after long-term storage. J Anal Toxicol 2005; 29: 41–7. MEDLINE
18. Duer WC, Byers KL, Martin JV: Application of a convenient extraction procedure to analyze gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in fatalities involving gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, gamma-butyrolactone, and 1,4-butanediol. J Anal Toxicol 2001; 25: 576–82. MEDLINE
19. Mühlendahl vKE, Oberdisse U, Bunjes R, Brockstedt M: Vergiftungen im Kindesalter. 4 Auflage. Stuttgart: Thieme Verlag 2003.
20. Traub S, Nelson L, Hoffman R: Physostigmine as a treatment for gamma-hydroxybutyrate toxicity: a review. J Clin Toxicol 2002; 40: 781–7. MEDLINE
21. Galloway G, Frederick S, Staggers F, Gonzoles M, Stalcup S, Smith D: Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: an emerging drug of abuse that causes physical dependence. Addiction 1997; 92: 89–96. MEDLINE
22. Dyer JE, Roth B, Hyma B: Gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 37: 147–53. MEDLINE
23. LeBeau MA, Andollo W, Hearn W et al.: Recommendation for toxicological investigations of drug-facilitated sexual assaults. J Forensic Sci 1999; 44: 227–30. MEDLINE
24. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction: EMCDDA Technicla Datsheets – Sexual assaults facilitated by drugs or alcohol. 2008. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index50537EN.html
25. Crookes CE, Faulds MC, Forrest ARW, Galloway JH: A reference range for endogenous gamma-hydroxybutyrate in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2004; 28: 644–9. MEDLINE