Review article
The Morbidity and Mortality Associated With Overweight and Obesity in Adulthood
Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009; 106(40): 641-8. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2009.0641
; ;
1. | Banks J, Marmot M, Oldfield Z, Smith JP: Disease and disadvantage in the United States and in England. JAMA 2006; 295: 2037–45. MEDLINE |
2. | Siegrist J, Marmot M: Health inequalities and the psychosocial environment—two scientific challenges. Soc Sci Med 2004; 58: 1463–73. MEDLINE |
3. | Dragano N, Hoffmann B, Stang A, Moebus S, Verde PE, Weyers S et al.: Subclinical coronary atherosclerosis and neighbourhood deprivation in an urban region. Eur J Epidemiol 2009; 24: 25–35. MEDLINE |
4. | Marmot MG, Shipley MJ, Hemingway H, Head J, Brunner EJ: Biological and behavioural explanations of social inequalities in coronary heart disease: the Whitehall II study. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 1980–8. MEDLINE |
5. | Lee CM, Huxley RR, Wildman RP, Woodward M: Indices of abdominal obesity are better discriminators of cardiovascular risk factors than BMI: a meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol 2008; 61: 646–53. MEDLINE |
6. | McGee DL: Body mass index and mortality: a meta-analysis based on person-level data from twenty-six observational studies. Ann Epidemiol 2005; 15: 87–97. MEDLINE |
7. | Bender R, Zeeb H, Schwarz M, Jockel KH, Berger M: Causes of death in obesity: relevant increase in cardiovascular but not in all-cancer mortality. J Clin Epidemiol 2006; 59: 1064–71. MEDLINE |
8. | Bender R, Jockel KH, Trautner C, Spraul M, Berger M: Effect of age on excess mortality in obesity. JAMA 1999; 281: 1498–504. MEDLINE |
9. | Welch HG, Albertsen PC, Nease RF, Bubolz TA, Wasson JH: Estimating treatment benefits for the elderly: the effect of competing risks. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124: 577–84. MEDLINE |
10. | Batty GD, Leon DA: Socio-economic position and coronary heart disease risk factors in children and young people. Evidence from UK epidemiological studies. Eur J Public Health 2002; 12: 263–72. MEDLINE |
11. | Parsons TJ, Power C, Logan S, Summerbell CD: Childhood predictors of adult obesity: a systematic review. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999; 23 Suppl 8: S1–107. MEDLINE |
12. | Prugger C, Keil U: Entwicklung der Adipositas in Deutschland – Größenordnung, Determinanten und Perspektiven. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2007; 132: 892–7. MEDLINE |
13. | Knopf H, Ellert U, Melchert H: Sozialschicht und Gesundheit. Das Gesundheitswesen 1999; Sonderheft 2. MEDLINE |
14. | Toschke AM, Ludde R, Eisele R, von Kries R: The obesity epidemic in young men is not confined to low social classes—a time series of 18-year-old German men at medical examination for military service with different educational attainment. Int J Obes 2005; 29: 875–7. MEDLINE |
15. | McLaren L: Socioeconomic status and obesity. Epidemiol Rev 2007; 29: 29–48. MEDLINE |
16. | Flegal KM, Graubard BI, Williamson DF, Gail MH: Excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity. JAMA 2005; 293: 1861–7. MEDLINE |
17. | Whitlock G, Lewington S, Sherliker P, Clarke R, Emberson J, Halsey J et al.: Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet 2009; 373: 1083–96. MEDLINE |
e1. | Statistisches Bundesamt: Zahlen und Fakten über die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Teil 1. http://www.destatis.de/ |
e2. | Higgins JPT, Green S: Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions 5.0.0. Chichester: The Cochrane Library, Wiley; 2008. |
e3. | WHO: Obesity in Europe. www.euro.who.int/ |
e4. | Janssen I, Mark AE: Elevated body mass index and mortality risk in the elderly. Obes Rev 2007; 8: 41–59. MEDLINE |
e5. | de Koning L, Merchant AT, Pogue J, Anand SS: Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular events: meta-regression analysis of prospective studies. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 850–6. MEDLINE |
e6. | Bogers RP, Bemelmans WJ, Hoogenveen RT, Boshuizen HC, Woodward M, Knekt P et al.: Association of overweight with increased risk of coronary heart disease partly independent of blood pressure and cholesterol levels: a meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies including more than 300 000 persons. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 1720–8. MEDLINE |
e7. | Wanahita N, Messerli FH, Bangalore S, Gami AS, Somers VK, Steinberg JS: Atrial fibrillation and obesity—results of a meta-analysis. Am Heart J 2008; 155: 310–5. MEDLINE |
e8. | Ni Mhurchu C, Rodgers A, Pan WH, Gu DF, Woodward M: Body mass index and cardiovascular disease in the Asia-Pacific Region: an overview of 33 cohorts involving 310 000 participants. Int J Epidemiol 2004; 33: 751–8. MEDLINE |
e9. | Hartemink N, Boshuizen HC, Nagelkerke NJ, Jacobs MA, van Houwelingen HC: Combining risk estimates from observational studies with different exposure cutpoints: a meta-analysis on body mass index and diabetes type 2. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 163: 1042–52. MEDLINE |
e10. | Meisinger C, Doring A, Thorand B, Heier M, Lowel H: Body fat distribution and risk of type 2 diabetes in the general population: are there differences between men and women? The MONICA/KORA Augsburg cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 483–9. MEDLINE |
e11. | de Laet C, Kanis JA, Oden A, Johanson H, Johnell O, Delmas P et al.: Body mass index as a predictor of fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16: 1330–8. MEDLINE |
e12. | Bergström A, Hsieh CC, Lindblad P, Lu CM, Cook NR, Wolk A: Obesity and renal cell cancer—a quantitative review. Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 984–90. MEDLINE |
e13. | Connolly BS, Barnett C, Vogt KN, Li T, Stone J, Boyd NF: A meta-analysis of published literature on waist-to-hip ratio and risk of breast cancer. Nutr Cancer 2002; 44: 127–38. MEDLINE |
e14. | Dai Z, Xu YC, Niu L: Obesity and colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 4199–206. MEDLINE |
e15. | Harvie M, Hooper L, Howell AH: Central obesity and breast cancer risk: a systematic review. Obes Rev 2003; 4: 157–73. MEDLINE |
e16. | Larsson SC, Orsini N, Wolk A: Body mass index and pancreatic cancer risk: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 1993–8. MEDLINE |
e17. | Larsson SC, Wolk A: Body mass index and risk of multiple myeloma: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 2512–6. MEDLINE |
e18. | Larsson SC, Wolk A: Obesity and colon and rectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86: 556–65. MEDLINE |
e19. | Larsson SC, Wolk A: Obesity and risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 1564–70. MEDLINE |
e20. | Larsson SC, Wolk A: Obesity and the risk of gallbladder cancer: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2007; 96: 1457–61. MEDLINE |
e21. | Larsson SC, Wolk A: Overweight and obesity and incidence of leukemia: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 1418–21. MEDLINE |
e22. | Larsson SC, Wolk A: Overweight, obesity and risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Cancer 2007; 97: 1005–8. MEDLINE |
e23. | Moghaddam AA, Woodward M, Huxley R: Obesity and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of 31 studies with 70 000 events. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 2533–47. MEDLINE |
e24. | MacInnis RJ, English DR: Body size and composition and prostate cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Cancer Causes Control 2006; 17: 989–1003 MEDLINE . |
e25. | Olsen CM, Green AC, Whiteman DC, Sadeghi S, Kolahdooz F, Webb PM: Obesity and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43: 690–709. MEDLINE |
e26. | Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, Heller RF, Zwahlen M: Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet 2008; 371: 569–78. MEDLINE |
e27. | Ursin G, Longnecker MP, Haile RW, Greenland S: A meta-analysis of body mass index and risk of premenopausal breast cancer. Epidemiology 1995; 6: 137–41. MEDLINE |
e28. | Berrington de Gonzalez A, Sweetland S, Spencer E: A meta-analysis of obesity and the risk of pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer 2003; 89: 519–23. MEDLINE |
e29. | Wang Y, Chen X, Song Y, Caballero B, Cheskin LJ: Association between obesity and kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int 2008; 73: 19–33. MEDLINE |
e30. | Pischon T, Lahmann PH, Boeing H, Friedenreich C, Norat T, Tjonneland A et al.: Body size and risk of colon and rectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 920–31. MEDLINE |
e31. | Lahmann PH, Hoffmann K, Allen N, van Gils CH, Khaw KT, Tehard B et al.: Body size and breast cancer risk: findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer And Nutrition (EPIC). Int J Cancer 2004; 111: 762–71. MEDLINE |
e32. | Beuther DA, Sutherland ER: Overweight, obesity, and incident asthma: a meta-analysis of prospective epidemiologic studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175: 661–6. MEDLINE |
e33. | Loerbroks A, Apfelbacher CJ, Amelang M, Sturmer T: Obesity and adult asthma: potential effect modification by gender, but not by hay fever. Ann Epidemiol 2008; 18: 283–9. MEDLINE |
e34. | Kulig M, Nocon M, Vieth M, Leodolter A, Jaspersen D, Labenz J et al.: Risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease: methodology and first epidemiological results of the ProGERD study. J Clin Epidemiol 2004; 57: 580–9. MEDLINE |
e35. | Gurm HS, Brennan DM, Booth J, Tcheng JE, Lincoff AM, Topol EJ: Impact of body mass index on outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention (the obesity paradox). Am J Cardiol 2002; 90: 42–5. MEDLINE |
e36. | Romero-Corral A, Montori VM, Somers VK, Korinek J, Thomas RJ, Allison TG et al.: Association of bodyweight with total mortality and with cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease: a systematic review of cohort studies. Lancet 2006; 368: 666–78. MEDLINE |
e37. | Oreopoulos A, Padwal R, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Fonarow GC, Norris CM, McAlister FA: Body mass index and mortality in heart failure: a meta-analysis. Am Heart J 2008; 156: 13–22. MEDLINE |
e38. | Oreopoulos A, Padwal R, Norris CM, Mullen JC, Pretorius V, Kalantar-Zadeh K: Effect of obesity on short- and long-term mortality postcoronary revascularization: a meta-analysis. Obesity 2008; 16: 442–50. MEDLINE |
e39. | Oliveros H, Villamor E: Obesity and mortality in critically ill adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity 2008; 16: 515–21. MEDLINE |
e40. | Altman DG: Systematic reviews of evaluations of prognostic variables. BMJ 2001; 323: 224–8. MEDLINE |
e41. | Gesellschaft der epidemiologischen Krebsregister in Deutschland e.V. (GEKID) und Robert Koch-Institut: Krebs in Deutschland 2003 – 2004, Häufigkeiten und Trends. 6. überarbeitete Auflage. www.ekr.med.uni-erlangen.de/GEKID/Doc/kid2008.pdf |
e42. | Flegal KM, Troiano RP, Pamuk ER, Kuczmarski RJ, Campbell SM: The influence of smoking cessation on the prevalence of overweight in the United States. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1165–70. MEDLINE |
e43. | Haustein KO: Smoking and body weight—a main topic. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2003; 128: 2085–90. MEDLINE |
e44. | Gregg EW, Cadwell BL, Cheng YJ, Cowie CC, Williams DE, Geiss L et al.: Trends in the prevalence and ratio of diagnosed to undiagnosed diabetes according to obesity levels in the U.S. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 2806–12. MEDLINE |
e45. | Huxley R, James WP, Barzi F, Patel JV, Lear SA, Suriyawongpaisal P et al.: Ethnic comparisons of the cross-sectional relationships between measures of body size with diabetes and hypertension. Obes Rev 2008; 9 Suppl 1: 53–61. MEDLINE |
e46. | Ross R, Berentzen T, Bradshaw AJ, Janssen I, Kahn HS, Katzmarzyk PT et al.: Does the relationship between waist circumference, morbidity and mortality depend on measurement protocol for waist circumference? Obes Rev 2008; 9: 312–25. MEDLINE |
e47. | Amorim AR, Linne YM, Lourenco PM: Diet or exercise, or both, for weight reduction in women after childbirth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; CD005627. MEDLINE |
e48. | Christensen R, Kristensen PK, Bartels EM, Bliddal H, Astrup A: Efficacy and safety of the weight-loss drug rimonabant: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet 2007; 370: 1706–13. MEDLINE |
e49. | Curioni C, Andre C, Veras R: Weight reduction for primary prevention of stroke in adults with overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; CD006062. MEDLINE |
e50. | Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A, Gregg E, Schmid CH, Lau J: Pharmacotherapy for weight loss in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; CD004096. MEDLINE |
e51. | Shaw K, Gennat H, O’Rourke P, Del Mar C: Exercise for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; CD003817. MEDLINE |
e52. | Shaw K, O’Rourke P, Del Mar C, Kenardy J: Psychological interventions for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; CD003818. MEDLINE |
e53. | Pischon T, Lahmann PH, Boeing H, Tjonneland A, Halkjaer J, Overvad K et al.: Body size and risk of renal cell carcinoma in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). International Journal of Cancer 2006; 118: 728–38. MEDLINE |
e54. | Pischon T, Boeing H, Weikert S, Allen N, Key T, Johnsen NF et al.: Body size and risk of prostate cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 Nov;17(11):3252-61. MEDLINE |
e55. | Schienkiewitz A, Schulze MB, Hoffmann K, Kroke A, Boeing H: Body mass index history and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 427–33. MEDLINE |
e56. | Bender R, Trautner C, Spraul M, Berger M: Assessment of excess mortality in obesity. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 147: 42–8. MEDLINE |
e57. | Cremer P, Nagel D, Mann H, Labrot B, Muller-Berninger R, Elster H et al.: Ten-year follow-up results from the Goettingen Risk, Incidence and Prevalence Study (GRIPS). I. Risk factors for myocardial infarction in a cohort of 5790 men. Atherosclerosis 1997; 129: 221–30. MEDLINE |
e58. | Ladwig KH, Marten-Mittag B, Lowel H, Doring A, Wichmann HE: Synergistic effects of depressed mood and obesity on long-term cardiovascular risks in 1510 obese men and women: results from the MONICA-KORA Augsburg Cohort Study 1984–1998. Int J Obes 2006; 30: 1408–14. MEDLINE |
e59. | von Eckardstein A, Schulte H, Assmann G: Risk for diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Caucasian male participants of the PROCAM study: implications for the definition of impaired fasting glucose by the American Diabetes Association. Prospective Cardiovascular Munster. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 3101–8. MEDLINE |
e60. | Schulte H, von Eckardstein A, Cullen P, Assmann G: Obesity and cardiovascular risk. Herz 2001; 26: 170–7. MEDLINE |